Curriculum and Pedagogy in Arab Translator Education: Five Blind Spots

Apart from the Al-Alsun school in Egypt, university-level translator training in the Arab world emerged out of globalisation and the changes in higher education of the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the Gulf, most programmes appeared on a mass scale after the millennium. Yet worrying educational and professional problems arise when the basic tenets of a professionally oriented translation programme in a university context are not understood. Here are the main ones.

1. Ignoring the local context

The specificities of the local context (country, profession, university, society, students and economy) must be taken into account when designing, developing, implementing and evaluating the programme.

2. Vague outcomes and unexplained choices

Clear course and programme outcomes (skills) need to be set and justified. Faculty must know exactly why they chose particular skills to develop (or, as is more usual, subjects and content to transfer), the material used, and the methods of assessing them. Preferably, the teacher explains the link between content, activities, objectives and assessment to the students, so they become partners in the educational experience.

This is a problem for faculty who themselves lack subject-specific knowledge: knowledge of translation studies as a field of study and research, and of recent approaches within it. A shortage of real-world professional experience, in-house or freelance, can also undermine the experience.

3. Lecturing as the default pedagogy

Translation teaching needs its own kind of pedagogy. A lectures-only mode is not sufficient to achieve significant learning and performance outcomes. Translation is a profession with standards, and there is a defined set of competencies that must be built into the curriculum and facilitated. The most suitable method, in my view, is a mix of training, teaching and education that responds to the complex nature of translation and translator competence.

Students in these programmes (usually housed in English departments) should graduate not merely as L2-proficient, but as multifaceted communicators and agents of cross-cultural communication. They will be exposed directly to society: interpreting in courts and hospitals, translating official and unofficial documents to 'make things happen' between nations and people. Increasingly in the 21st century, they may become entrepreneurial language service providers running their own translation bureaus. The stakes are therefore higher than finding equivalents between source and target texts or transferring meaning. The agent, the translator, has a role to play in all of this. That role is barely acknowledged in the Arab context, least of all in universities, where disciplinary ideologies in every department have prioritised textual matters instead. A balanced approach to teaching the translation phenomenon is needed, one that reflects the multifaceted, multidisciplinary nature of a young discipline.

4. Theory taught without practice

When teaching translation theory (or any theoretical component of translation studies), practice must be brought into the equation. This is a real challenge for the teacher, but students get more from a quasi-theoretical course, and stay engaged, when the link between theory and practice is made in the classroom. Here again the teacher's professional background matters enormously. That is why reviewing faculty's knowledge framework (professional, disciplinary and pedagogical) is central to the success of any programme. It is a tough criterion to meet: translation is a recently established academic discipline, and there is a shortage of properly trained human resources to serve it in a university context. The problem is becoming alarming as translation programmes multiply.

5. The 'read and translate' method in practical courses

Research in translation pedagogy has long criticised the traditional way of teaching translation in the higher education classroom. Kiraly (1995, 2000, 2003) argued against what Ladmiral calls the performance magistrale, the lecture, and against the 'read and translate' method in which the final 'correct' solution rests with the teacher as the unique source of knowledge. Kiraly (2000) proposed project-based methods instead, reflecting real-world translation practice: students work in project teams and take on roles such as translator, reviser and terminologist.

Educationally and professionally this is a sound approach. What I am less sure of is how often it is used in Arab translation programmes, and whether it can be adapted smoothly to our context.

Arabic Online Content: Saudi Arabia Leads the Way

Arab News reports on a Saudi initiative to enrich Arabic digital content on the web: Arabic online content: Kingdom leads the way.

This is a revolutionary move, and the approach is spot on. It is time to change paradigms. The twenty-first century has imposed new patterns of knowledge. Sources of knowledge are no longer only in books, whether literature, human sciences or anything else; they also live in databases and computers.

I salute this endeavour by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. If all Arab countries, and especially translation programmes and private and public bodies, follow suit and gradually implement the same strategy, we could achieve remarkable cultural, political and educational gains. We live in a knowledge-based society. Not content, but something bigger: knowledge.

New Workshop: Processing Translation and Revision Work Critically

Learn how to process your translation and revision work critically and constructively. To be delivered in class or online, using adapted pedagogies.

Summary

Have you ever wondered why you translate terms, phrases or texts intuitively, without knowing how you arrive at those decisions? Have you struggled to comment in an elaborate way on your revision tasks, or on terminology and translation choices, in front of colleagues or peers? Clients, and in-house employers when you work for them, may ask you to justify your choices on grounds other than intuition. Objectivising the subjective, the hidden and the intuitive is the purpose of this course.

Description

Experienced translators translate more intuitively and more quickly than novices or student translators. Yet translators rarely find the right jargon to justify their choices or to write conscious, justified comments in their revised or translated assignments, even though a professional translator or reviser may be asked to do exactly that by clients or colleagues. Critical thinking therefore deserves a place in translator competence. It also enhances professional status and earns respect: you become a thinker, a negotiator and a test engineer. This course takes you to that stage and guides you to think critically as you process your translation, post-editing or revision work.

Target Audience

Novices, translation students, and experienced translators seeking personal development.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this course, participants will be able to:

• identify and critically judge text typologies in English and Arabic, and the problems that may arise in translation from the conventions of those texts and other contextual factors in both languages;
• write in the proper genre and style of the target text;
• justify their translation choices, for themselves and for others when asked. Every choice remains relative, since nothing is absolute in the real world: there are always many answers to the same problem;
• revise consciously and constructively the translations or assignments they are given, drawing on insights from both theory and practice.

Prerequisites

Sound knowledge of English and Arabic. Minimal experience in translation practice is required; translation students and soon-to-be translation students are welcome.

Programme

• Introduction to the field of translation practice and theory
• The importance of critical text analysis for translators and revisers alike
• Becoming an empowered translator through critical judgement of translations and revisions
• Owning the metalanguage to discuss translation problems with colleagues at work or peers in forums
• Operating beyond intuition and amateurism when facing clients, peers, or your teacher if you are still at university

Comments on this course outline are very welcome: fouadelkarnichi@gmail.com

Research on Translator Training, Part 2

Part two of a talk on research in translator training – the continuation of the previous post.

Research on Translator Training, Part 1

Part one of a talk on research in translator training – a good overview of where the field's research questions come from.

Building Translator Identity in a Translation Programme

Translator identity and agency have been an ongoing debate in the literature on translator training in higher education. Yet a glance at the history of practice shows that society's image of translators has barely moved: an underrated group who merely "transfer" other people's creative work and get paid for it. No significant social status has been granted. Publishers still leave the translator's or reviser's name off the cover; the book appears under the publishing house's name with no trace of who translated it.

Whose Fault Is It?

The institutions? No. Society? No. It is the community of translators themselves who are responsible for their declining value. With globalisation and the internet, things are getting worse. Everybody is translating. Anyone bilingual, or anyone claiming competence in two languages, takes up translation, and that is where it starts.

In my opinion, the lack of proper training at institutional level, universities mainly, has contributed to this identity crisis, and it lets pirates and industry hyenas seize the opportunity to downplay translators and pay peanuts for their work. If translators were educated in the ethics and value of this honourable and ancient profession, we would be regarded like lawyers, engineers and doctors.

What Kind of Learning Builds Identity?

Review and update both the curriculum and the pedagogy of teaching translation. For instance, embed a sound pedagogy (such as narrative pedagogy and multimedia) to teach the history of translation dynamically, through true stories and biographies of our forebears, Arab, Muslim or European, so that students can identify with them and build a self-concept as future translators. At the very least they will have something to be proud of, and it gives "face validity" not only to the profession but to the course or programme they are in. A programme with face validity is one where students know that what they are studying leads to a clear objective.

Recent graduates and working professionals should also be invited into class, in person or virtually, to update students on the realities of the workplace and the market. Their experiences and stories help trainees develop new identities, or seek one. Bringing in language service providers and employers adds value to the programme and gives students the desire to keep training and build a "can do" attitude.

History and Theory

A historical background matters greatly to the future professional translator: it raises their status and makes them conscious of the heritage of the discipline they have chosen. Teaching the history of translation to trainees and practising translators alike is a crucial step in building professional aptitude, since "they develop a self-concept as translators working in a specific historical situation", as their colleagues did over the ages (Mossop, 2003: 49). Alongside history, alignment with the current market and its requirements is a key factor in any university training or education programme. There should be a continuous narrative from past to present to strengthen that self-concept.

Theory is another factor. Ulrich (1996: 257) puts it this way:

"Members of all professions have a historical and theoretical component to their expertise. It is only against a theoretical background of translation that effective decision making and production can take place (…) the problem arises, therefore, of how to integrate a course on translation theory within the curriculum."

Despite the industry's negative attitude towards theory, we at the university should embed it and teach it intelligently, so that our students are ethically responsible and aware of who they are. They must be agents of their own learning and decisions, and see the moral dimension of their professional activity once they are in the marketplace. The industry will try to impose its industrial model, in place since the eighteenth century, but in a university context we need only court the industry and choose what is best for students and their psychological, social and personal development. Critical thinking is a virtue the industry does not prize: it wants students with skills but has no interest in their lifelong abilities and competencies. Providing this kind of education could perhaps cure the long-standing identity crisis of translators.

Pedagogy and People

Mentoring, project work, and case-based and problem-based methods should be embedded in the teaching philosophy. Apprenticeship-based methods should be applied from the first year of an undergraduate translation programme, not after it. Dynamic methods instil confidence, self-esteem and self-concept.

Still, where do teachers' abilities and competencies stand in this equation? We are left reviewing not only products (content) and processes (teaching and learning) but also human resources: teachers, faculty and students alike, their knowledge frameworks and beliefs, their learning and teaching styles, and their characteristics.

Call for Papers: HETL 2014 Conference in Anchorage

Sharing a call for papers from the International Higher Education Teaching and Learning Association (HETL) for its 2014 conference. The theme, the impact of social and mobile media on higher education, is directly relevant to anyone teaching translation with technology.

Call for papers and presentation proposals on teaching and administration topics in higher education

The International Higher Education Teaching and Learning Association (HETL) invites you to submit a proposal for a presentation at its 2014 International HETL Conference, to be held in Anchorage in partnership with the University of Alaska Anchorage, 8–10 June 2014. Proposals are solicited on all topics related to higher education, including new technologies and globalisation-related issues. Both scholarly and practice reports are invited. Proposals on the conference theme, Impacts of Social and Mobile Media on Higher Education, are especially welcome.

As at our January 2013 conference at the University of Central Florida, participants will come from the full range of academic disciplines across the arts, sciences and professions, as well as from administrative and staff functions that deliver and support new technologies and approaches to learning. As with every HETL conference, we welcome participation from around the world. Please submit your proposal before the deadline of 26 July 2013, or simply join us as an attendee by registering. No proposal is required if you are attending but not presenting.

To submit a proposal, go to the submission form. See the conference page for more details.

It's more affordable than you may think. The Anchorage area has many attractions, including glaciers, majestic mountains and a wide diversity of wildlife. The average June temperature is 16°C (62°F) with sunny days. Airfare to Anchorage is more reasonable than we anticipated: a check on Kayak.com suggests a round trip from New York around the time of the conference might cost about $350, from London $1,000, and from Tokyo $1,100. We anticipate that hundreds of rooms at the University of Alaska will be available for well under $100, along with rooms at partner hotels in Anchorage.

We look forward to seeing you in Anchorage!

Patrick Blessinger and Charles Wankel, St. John's University, New York
Higher Education Teaching and Learning Association
patrickblessinger@gmail.com

Knowledge Frameworks and the Hidden Curriculum in Translation Programmes

Kearns (2006, 2008, 2012) has written extensively about the persistent syndrome of the hidden curriculum in translation programmes worldwide. His questions remain pressing:

• Do the conception, development and evaluation of a translation course follow educationally sound and professional guidelines suited to the local context of students and institution? Who does this work?
• What frameworks do teachers base their programme planning and classroom interventions on?
• Do they draw on recent advances in translation studies and translation pedagogy?
• Do they consciously plan, design and develop their courses, or do they work intuitively, with no clear objectives?
• Is there a follow-up system to check whether intended outcomes were actually achieved?
• How does assessment fit in? Do they assess the product (the translated text) or the process (learning and performance)?

These questions sum up my concern here: the knowledge conveyed in a translation classroom by faculty (and students), and the issues of curriculum and course design, development and assessment.

The gap in the Arab world

My preliminary review of the literature in the Arab world shows that, apart from publications bemoaning the deficiencies of language students (usually EFL students) in translation, none has discussed the human factor in translator training programmes (faculty, teachers, students) at any depth or with qualitative rigour. The same has been reported elsewhere (Kelly, 2009). On teachers' pedagogical competencies and knowledge of the real world of translation (in-house or freelance), the very few committed Arab researchers in translation teaching (Atari, Farghal, Buhmaid) have repeatedly confirmed the problem.

Faculty in translation programmes deserve guidance and support to design their courses with reference to knowledge frameworks specific to the field: translation studies, the profession and its pedagogy. Relying predominantly on other, inherited types of knowledge (linguistics, literature) in a translation education context contradicts the originality and face value of a respectable translation programme.

No more hit and miss

The epistemological, indeed ideological, element is crucial in a professionally oriented programme within a university context. There should be no hit and miss policy when setting up translation programmes. Translation is a respectable discipline that has confirmed its presence worldwide, even if it is mostly shelved under language departments; conferences, symposia, organisations, journals and books abound. Everyone directly or indirectly involved, from administrators and faculty to industry and other stakeholders, needs to take the building of translation programmes and the selection of adequate human resources seriously. The pay-off is quality performance outcomes: students trained to find work in translation, teachers who improve each semester through action-based pedagogy and student feedback, and local employers content with their new recruits.

Takeaway: two questions need answering. What type of knowledge should be privileged in a translation programme and classroom? And how do we end the dominance of the hidden curriculum, in which people who mostly lack translation-specific curricular, pedagogical and real-world knowledge design and teach courses whose face validity students cannot see? Why do I study theory? Why contrastive studies? Why these texts and not those? How will what I am studying now serve my translation career in the twenty-first-century job market?

What Gulf Universities Ask About Translation Pedagogy

I recently interviewed with three universities in the Gulf region, and the questions the panels asked told me a great deal about where translator training in the region is heading. In one university, the head of department even asked searching questions about my PhD research on teaching with technology, which I appreciated enormously.

The Questions

All three universities asked versions of the same questions:

• What is the difference between teaching EFL/ESL and teaching translation?
• How do you design and develop a translation course for future translators?
• How do you teach translation theory: by lecturing, or otherwise?
• How do you integrate technology into a translation course?
• How do you evaluate translation students' learning and performance?
• How do you organise training for consecutive interpreting?

These are specific and intriguing questions, and I was genuinely pleased to hear them. As a researcher, I now know where the tendencies are heading in the region's translation programmes, and I will keep readers of this blog abreast of current orientations in the Arab world, particularly the Gulf.

A Discipline Still Misunderstood

One further conclusion: stakeholders' perception of translator training in the region, with a couple of exceptions, still misreads the complexity of the discipline and the profession. Training a qualified, professional translator, interpreter or reviser transforms not only the individual, as with language students, but also, and mostly, society and the economy. A translation programme capable of delivering that kind of output needs competent faculty and well-designed, well-developed curricula and pedagogies.

Students Are Not Daft

Finally, students, our clients, are digital natives. They consult social media and online forums to see what is happening in their discipline and future profession, and they will quickly spot the absence of fresh, market-oriented content and of qualified faculty who can respond to their aspirations. Student demographics and translator working patterns have changed. New content and pedagogies are needed to meet those needs and those of the professional and local context.

Translator Training in Higher Education : Pedagogy, Practice, Research and Educational Technology: BA programs (Translation Majors) in the Gulf Count...

Translator Training in Higher Education : Pedagogy, Practice, Research and Educational Technology: BA programs (Translation Majors) in the Gulf Count...: Few months ago, and as part of my ongoing PhD research enquiry, I was surveying the universities which deliver degrees, diplomas or certi...

BA Translation Programmes in the Gulf: A First Look at Course Outlines

A few months ago, as part of my PhD research, I surveyed the universities in the Arab world that offer degrees, diplomas or certificates in translation and languages. What their websites reveal, and fail to reveal, says a lot about how translators are trained in the region.

What I was looking for

For each institution I checked two things:

1. Whether it publishes a course outline showing the objectives, types of activity and assessment methods designed by faculty (or the institution) for a specific translation or interpreting course.
2. Where it does, whether those elements (objectives, activities and assessment) are aligned with one another. In other words, whether faculty and other stakeholders in course design are consciously aware of the dimensions and implications of what they have designed, above all for students' learning outcomes. By this I mean meaningful, significant outcomes, such as applying what students have learnt and creating something of their own from it.

Preliminary findings

The first round of this informal survey led to four conclusions:

• Course outlines are largely missing. Apart from a very few universities and colleges in the Gulf, most translation, or English and translation, departments publish no course outlines at all (see Atari, 2012; Buhmaid, 1995). For the sake of quality teaching and learning, programmes should display clear, functional and workable outlines that show the teaching philosophy adopted for translator training in that context, and whether teaching is teacher- or student-centred. This is an important criterion in higher education today. Translation is a multifaceted discipline, and it makes sense to design domain-specific pedagogies for teaching and learning it.
• Programmes lean towards teaching, not training. The content of the surveyed programmes is geared more and more to teaching rather than training or coaching. Lecture-based content is fine for first- and second-year students, but not for third-year students or finalists. This may be the case in the Arab world, but here in Canada students enter the real world of translation soon after the second semester and receive a mix of university teaching and workplace training during their internship. Context may decide the pedagogical planning we need.
• Too much theory, too little real world. The amount of theory in these programmes will not help in training future translation professionals. The real-world factor is missing: I hardly saw courses on research methods and documentation for translators, terminology extraction, language technologies, revision, professional aspects of translation or project management for translators. It is high time to renew the content.
• Pedagogical foundations are unclear. I am not yet sure whether faculty base their classroom practice on educational approaches or models specific to translator training at all, such as socio-constructivism (Kiraly, 2000, 2003) or constructivism, or on active pedagogies for organising practical translation work, such as problem-based learning (Cormier, 2007) or project-based learning (Gouadec, 2007; Kiraly, 2003, 2012).

For reasons of space I will limit my preliminary remarks to these four points. The remaining ones can wait for another post.

Notes from Acfas 2013: Six Issues Facing Translator Education

From 6 to 10 May 2013, Université Laval in Quebec hosted the 82nd Acfas congress, which brings together French-speaking universities from around the world. I presented a paper on enhancing educational technology in translator training to improve teaching and learning outcomes, and came away with six issues worth sharing.

The Experience

It was a great experience. I enjoyed being among my peers, exchanging ideas and debating questions about translation studies, technologies for translators, the translation industry, and translator education and training. I also met and networked with many colleagues in Canada, professors and PhD students alike. It was a pleasure to get to know them in person rather than only through their articles in international translation journals.

The event boosted my confidence (especially in presenting in French), put my progress in context, and served as a self-evaluation test for my ongoing learning pathway.

Issues That Caught My Attention

• It is not enough to be proficient in your subject field. You also need to convey and monitor other kinds of knowledge: pedagogy and andragogy, and how to use technology in your teaching, given that we live in a knowledge-based society.
• Virtual and distance learning in translation programmes is a trend of the future.
• Innovation in curriculum and course design is needed, including new types of content.
• Multilingualism matters, and so does translating into the non-mother tongue (L2).
• The university has a social mission in training translators: educating socially functioning citizens who can use their abilities throughout life, not merely convert words and structures.
• The translator's role vis-à-vis technology: we need to emphasise the translator's agency as a decision-maker in the industry, not just a word engineer.

These were the major points raised and discussed in the two days of sessions I attended.

The Teacher's Roles in E-Learning

Teaching in a technology-based environment does not make faculty redundant. If anything, the teacher's role becomes more important. The article below, reproduced from Asharq Al-Awsat, sets out the roles a teacher takes on in e-learning systems.

أدوار المعلم/الأستاذ في ظل التعليم الإلكتروني

قد يتبادر إلى ذهن من يقرأ عنوان الموضوع أننا بإدخال تقنية الحاسب والتعليم الإلكتروني نلغي دور المعلم في العملية التربوية التعليمية. فالتعليم الإلكتروني لا يعني إلغاء دور المعلم بل يصبح دوره أكثر أهمية وأكثر صعوبة، فهو شخص مبدع ذو كفاءة عالية يدير العملية التعليمية باقتدار ويعمل على تحقيق طموحات التقدم والتقنية. لقد أصبحت مهنة المعلم مزيجًا من مهام القائد ومدير المشروع البحثي والناقد والموجه.

ما لا شك فيه أن دور المعلم سوف يبقى للأبد وسوف يصبح أكثر صعوبة من السابق، فالتعلم الإلكتروني لا يعني تصفح الإنترنت بطريقة مفتوحة ولكن بطريقة محددة وبتوجيه لاستخدام المعلومات الإلكترونية، وهذا يعتبر من أهم أدوار المعلم. ولكي يصبح دور المعلم مهماً في توجيه طلابه الوجهة الصحيحة للاستفادة القصوى من التكنولوجيا عليه أن يقوم بالأدوار التالية، كما جاء في بعض الأدبيات:

1. ميسر للعمليات (Process Facilitator)

إن الدور الأكبر للمعلم من خلال نظم تقديم المقررات التعليمية عبر الإنترنت هو التحقق من حدوث بعض العمليات التربوية المستهدفة في أثناء ممارسة الطلاب لنشاطهم وتفاعلهم مع بعضهم البعض، فالمعلم في نظم التعلم الإلكتروني ليس ملقنًا للمعلومات بل هو ميسر للعملية التعليمية (Educational Facilitator)، حيث يقدم الإرشادات ويتيح للمتعلمين اكتشاف مواد التعلم بأنفسهم دون أن يتدخل في مسار تعلمهم.

2. مبسط للمحتوى (Content Facilitator)

للمعلم دور معرفي، ولكن طبيعة هذا الدور المعرفي تختلف عما كانت عليه في الماضي، بحيث يكون التركيز على إكساب الطالب المعارف والحقائق والمفاهيم المناسبة للتدفق المعرفي المستمر للعلم، وما يرتبط بهذه المعارف من مهارات عملية وقيم واتجاهات بحيث تمكنهم من التعامل الصحيح مع هذا التدفق المعرفي والتقنيات المرتبطة به، لأن هذا يعين هؤلاء الطلاب على فهم الحاضر بتفصيلاته، وتصور المستقبل باتجاهاته والمشاركة في صناعته، وبذلك يتم إكساب الطلاب ثقافة معلوماتية تمكنهم من التعايش في مجتمع المعلوماتية الذي هو مجتمع المستقبل.

3. باحث (Researcher)

لا يكفي قيام المعلم باتخاذ قرارات، بل عليه تقويم جهده أيضاً، والبحث الإجرائي وسيلة تحقق هذه الغاية، كما أنه يتيح الفرصة للمعلم لاكتساب المعرفة والمهارة في طرق البحث ومنهجيته، ويكون على دراية بالاختيارات واحتمالات التغيير، كما يكسبه الرؤية التأملية والناقدة لأدائه، ولعملية التدريس في كليتها.

وهذا التوجه للبحث الإجرائي يعتبر من أفضل فرص النمو المهني المنظمة والمنهجية، فالتدريس عبر الشبكات لا يخلو من مشكلات، وبالتالي عندما يسعى المعلم تلقائياً لبحث المشكلة، بغية الوقوف على أسبابها ونتائجها متبعًا المنهجية العلمية في دراستها، فإن ذلك يعود بالنفع عليه أولاً، وعلى عملية التعليم برمتها، التي تتطلب تطويراً مستمراً، نتيجة التطور المستمر للظروف المحيطة بها.

4. تكنولوجي (Technologist)

مع التطورات التي شهدها مجال التكنولوجيا، فإن الدور التقليدي للمعلم يجب أن ينتهي أو يتغير، فهناك وفرة في المعلومات، ودور المعلم في ظل هذه الوفرة هو مساعدة المتعلمين على الإبحار في محيط المعلومات، لاختيار الأنسب، والتحليل الناقد، وتضمينه في رؤيتهم وإدراكهم للعالم من حولهم.

والتكنولوجيا تسهم في تغيير الطرق التي يتدرب من خلالها المعلمون، وكذلك طرق تعليم الطلاب، والمطلوب عمله هو القيام بدور فاعل من جانب القائمين على إعداد المعلم لإحداث هذا التغير.

5. مصمم للخبرات التعليمية

للمعلم دور أساسي في تصميم الخبرات التعليمية والنشاطات التربوية، والإشراف على بعضها بما يتناسب مع خبراته وميوله واهتماماته، فهذه الأنشطة مكملة لما يكتسبه الطالب داخل قاعات الدراسات الصفية أو الافتراضية، سواء أكانت أنشطة ثقافية أم رياضية أم اجتماعية إلى غير ذلك من الأنشطة التربوية، وعلى المعلم أن يسهم بدور إيجابي في الإشراف على بعض تلك النشاطات.

6. مدير للعملية التعليمية

في التعليم التقليدي يمارس المعلم دوره في ضبط نظام الصف والإمساك بزمام الأمور في كل ما يحدث داخل الصف، أما في نظم التعلم الإلكتروني فالمعلم مدير للعملية التعليمية بأكملها، حيث يحدد أعداد الملتحقين بالمقررات الشبكية، ومواعيد اللقاءات الافتراضية على الشبكة، وأساليب عرض المحتوى، وطرق التقويم وغيره من عناصر العملية التعليمية.

والمعلم الذي يقوم بدوره القيادي في الفصول الافتراضية يجعل منها خلية عمل بفاعلية واقتدار، سواء كان ذلك على المستوى الفردي أو الجماعي، فيكرس اهتمامات الطلاب لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة، ويأخذ بيدهم طيلة الوقت للعمل الجاد المثمر.

7. ناصح ومستشار

من أهم الأدوار التي يقوم بها المعلم هو تقديم النصح والمشورة للمتعلمين، وعليه أن يكون ذا صلة دائمة ومستمرة ومتجددة مع كل جديد في مجال تخصصه، وفي طرائق تدريسه وما يطرأ على مجتمعه من مستجدات، فعليه أن يظل طالباً للعلم ما استطاع، مطلعاً على كل ما يدور في مجتمعه المحلي والعالمي من مستحدثات، حتى يستطيع أن يلبي احتياجات طلبته واستفساراتهم المختلفة، ويقدم لهم المشورة فيما يصعب عليهم، ويأخذ بيدهم إلى نور العلم والمعرفة.

منقول من جريدة الشرق الأوسط

https://sites.google.com/site/modernteachingstrategies/the-roles-of-the-teacher-in-e-learning

New Online Course: Process Your Translation and Revision Work Critically

I am facilitating a new short online course on ProZ.com: Learn How to Process Your Translation and Revision Work Critically and Constructively. Here is the course description.

Description

Experienced translators may translate more intuitively and quickly than a novice or student translator. But how often can a translator find the right terms to justify their choices, or write conscious, well-argued comments on a revised or translated assignment? A professional translator or reviser may well be asked by clients or colleagues to do exactly that. Critical thinking, then, deserves a place in translator competence.

The ability also enhances professional status and earns respect: you become a thinker, a negotiator and a text engineer. This course will take you to that stage and guide you to think critically as you process a translation, post-edit or revise.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

• Identify and critically judge text typologies in English and Arabic, and the problems that may arise in translation from the conventions of those texts and other contextual factors in both languages;
• Write in the proper genre and style of the target text;
• Justify translation choices, for yourself and for others when asked. Every choice remains relative, since nothing is absolute in the real world, and there are always several answers to the same problem;
• Revise consciously and constructively the translations and assignments you are given, drawing on insights from both theory and practice.

Course link: Learn How to Process Your Translation and Revision Work Critically and Constructively (ProZ.com)

The Human Factor in Translation Programmes

Is strengthening students' linguistic and translation skills enough for a quality translation curriculum? And what do employers actually want from a graduate translator?

A recent study carried out here in Canada at the Université de Montréal (Echeverri, 2008) found that translation companies and government organisations employing translation students under internship schemes are very satisfied with their linguistic and other text-based skills, but find them lacking in critical aptitude, reflection and interpersonal abilities.

So, if we take these results seriously and review our programmes, what should we improve?

Objects versus people

Our research shows that attention goes, most of the time, to the objects (content, curriculum, courses) and not to the human factor (faculty and students). Yet there is ample literature calling for faculty development and training schemes (Echeverri, 2008; Kelly, 2005; Kearns, 2006), because the knowledge framework needed in a translation classroom differs from the one delivered in a language classroom.

Understanding how translation students learn, and what their learning styles are, matters just as much. We need to find out what prior knowledge students bring about translation as a profession, a practice or, as some see it, an art. A clear, explicit and accessible study plan can help here, provided it is presented to students in a way that engages them and gives them a road map for their learning path. University students are adults, and educating adults requires a certain tact on the part of the educator.

Three knowledge bases

Finally, you cannot teach a translation course well if you still need further training in any of three areas:

• pedagogy;
• content (translation-specific knowledge);
• real-world professional experience.

These three poles need to be integrated for a sound translation education or training scenario in a higher education context.

Takeaway: the human factor, rather than content or subject matter alone, is in my view the key to raising quality in translator training programmes. I welcome your thoughts.

Teaching Entrepreneurship to Future Translators: A Pilot Course Proposal

My proposal was accepted for the 10th Translation Forum at Sultan Qaboos University (6–7 April 2013), organised by the university's English and Translation Society. The abstract is below.

Forum host: Sultan Qaboos University

Abstract

Innovating in translator training: a pilot course proposal on developing professional and entrepreneurial abilities for future translators

Globalisation and technology have turned the translation market upside down. New working patterns have emerged as a result, such as tele-work, online freelancing and self-employment. This kind of practice requires a combination of academic and business competencies. Yet, as far as I know, the entrepreneurial side of our practice is not taught in university translation units or departments in the Arab world. Only a few translation programmes in the West have managed to embed such courses, usually as workshops or electives rather than core courses, even though these are precisely the competencies employers insist on in the marketplace.

Our recent review of translation programmes in the Arab world found no courses or modules addressing these new practices. The focus remains on developing linguistic skills and other cognitive abilities. In this paper I present an innovative way of embedding such a course in a translation programme, and the pedagogical approach needed to facilitate it: training students to engage in online freelancing and empowering them with metacognitive competencies that will serve them for a lifetime, for example by setting up their own business, either as a team of students (an agency or company) or as an individually owned enterprise.

NB: For logistical reasons I put the preparation of this paper on hold. I may prepare it in another context, for a different audience.

Participatory Action Research: A Method for Translator Trainers

What kind of research methodology does applied translation studies, and translator training in particular, actually need? My answer, after a semester of doctoral seminars on qualitative research in education, is participatory action research led by the teachers themselves.

The Gap Between Scholars and Practitioners

Mainstream translation studies has focused heavily on the sociological, literary, linguistic and cognitive aspects of translation, borrowing its research designs from the social sciences: mostly positivist, "scientific" methods in which knowledge is produced by "the knowers" on practitioners, whether teachers or working translators. The result has been a widening gap between theory (detached scholars) and practice (teachers and practising translators).

The research models in translation studies can be listed as follows: linguistic models (Catford, Nida, Vinay, Newmark, Holmes); communicative models (Neubert); cultural models (Steiner, Venuti, Pym, Snell-Hornby); hermeneutic models (Ricoeur); functionalist models (Reiss, Vermeer, Nord, Chesterman); psycholinguistic models (Krings, Bell); and textual models (Neubert, Shreve, House) (Cravo, 2007, p. 5).

Put the Teacher at the Centre

In translation pedagogy, I would rather centre our focus on the actors on the ground: the teacher, the faculty member. There is no need for a linguist, sociologist or cognitive psychologist to tell the teacher, or even the practitioner, the artisan, how to run a class or how to translate. I believe in the capacity of teachers to understand their students' learning needs, interpret their ways of learning and act accordingly, in collaboration with the students themselves, who must be treated as partners in the learning curve rather than passive absorbers of knowledge.

Hence I find it crucial to introduce the notion of the scholarship of teaching and learning (Shulman, 1986; Hutchings, 1999) as a way of building a culture of classroom participatory research, and so cure a long-standing plague of the translation classroom. Teachers improve their practice by researching their own classroom practice and reflecting on it (Schön, 1983). This critical approach leads teachers to:

• reflect critically on the type of knowledge they disseminate in a translation classroom;
• re-examine the type of teaching approach they use.

What Faculty Need

For this to happen, faculty need further pedagogical and disciplinary training. Not training in the sense of a course or a workshop, but video-recording their classroom interventions and exchanging the footage with trained peers for feedback. Sitting in on a colleague's class as an observer is also desirable (participant observation as a research technique).

The big divide in many translation courses, where faculty hold different ideologies about how to design and manage a course (theoretical or practical), could be resolved if faculty engaged in a collaborative, participatory scholarship of teaching and learning, acting as both professional teachers and researchers.

Those who teach translation come from various backgrounds, yet how many were ever trained to teach translation content, skills and competencies? (Cravo, 2007). As I see it, translation is a profession, and its teaching methods should be aligned with the way professionals are trained: active pedagogies, coaching, and less didactic lecturing.

Action Research in Translation Studies

This is what the literature calls participatory action research. Stephen Corey (1953) introduced the term in education, and Stenhouse (1975) embedded it in teacher training. In translation studies only a few authors have referred to it.

In the Arabic–English literature, Basil Hatim (2001) stipulated that research should not be done on practitioners (teachers and translators) but by them. Others have similarly argued that action research (AR) is key to establishing translator education as a core field of research and enquiry. Cravo (2007, p. 11) puts it plainly:

A good start would be to have translation teachers with knowledge of AR working together and getting involved in classroom research.

My Own Direction

In my research I am working to extend this method into a technology-based environment: online learning and teaching. Such environments may yield promising outcomes for teacher-led AR in higher education. The online environment is student-centred and aims at significant learning outcomes through learning communities, which demands a very active and collaborative kind of intervention from faculty: more facilitating and monitoring than teaching.

My First Conference Paper in French: Moving Translation Courses Online

On 8 May 2013 I will give my first conference paper in French, at the ACFAS congress here in Quebec (Université Laval). Both the talk and the paper must be in French. I am a little nervous, but it should be fun.

The Topic

The subject is quite new in translation teaching and training, although it has been well discussed in educational technology, distance learning and e-learning: the migration of translation course content delivered face-to-face into an online environment (Moodle, Blackboard and the like). The research literature shows that teaching in traditional and virtual or technology-enhanced environments shares some similarities but differs considerably in teaching approaches, techniques and choice of material for students with varied learning styles and characteristics.

I will present the conceptual side of this pedagogical operation:

• designing a course outline with clear intended learning outcomes;
• choosing the activities that operationalise those outcomes in collaboration with students;
• planning the assessment faculty use to measure those outcomes.

I will draw on Bloom's revised taxonomy (Anderson, 2001) and on John Biggs' (1999, 2007) principle of constructive alignment between intended learning outcomes, activities and assessment. All of this will be applied to translator training in a university context, using the outline of a course on documentary research in translation practice taught by a professor at a Canadian university, who has kindly granted me permission to use his syllabus.

Programme Details

Afternoon session, 13:30–16:00, oral presentations. Chair: Marie-Christine Aubin (Université York). Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, room 1261. Fouad El Karnichi, Université de Sherbrooke, 13:30.

Abstract (in French)

Que nous apprend la conversion d'un cours en mode virtuel sur la pédagogie de la traduction ?

L'environnement des cours en ligne nécessite des compétences spécifiques et novatrices afin de fournir des conditions d'apprentissage significatives pour l'apprenant. Dans cette communication, en lien avec notre recherche doctorale, nous allons aborder la formation dans un environnement d'apprentissage en ligne des futurs traducteurs, en prenant l'exemple d'une formation donnée en présentiel et à distance. Plus précisément, nous allons examiner, à partir d'un syllabus, les changements au niveau pédagogique et structurel qui peuvent être effectués pendant la migration d'un cours de sa version en présentiel en une version en ligne. Des recherches en formation en ligne nous indiquent les conséquences négatives issues de la conversion des cours d'un mode à l'autre lorsqu'on n'introduit pas de changements pédagogiques dignes du nouvel environnement d'apprentissage. Nous proposerons une analyse des objectifs du cours, des activités d'apprentissage et des mesures d'évaluation dans le plan de cours, qui sera effectuée selon le principe de l'« alignement constructif » de Biggs (2007). Nous utiliserons aussi la taxonomie de Bloom dans sa version nouvelle publiée par Krathwohl et Anderson (2001) pour traiter des types d'apprentissages ciblés (comprendre, appliquer, évaluer, créer). Notre intention est d'adapter ces critères au contexte de formation des traducteurs dans un environnement en ligne et de présenter nos premières conclusions sur la conversion des cours en mode virtuel.

Internships for Translators: Lessons from Sherbrooke's Placement Service

Internships are one of the best extracurricular activities a translation programme can offer. A recent visit to the placement service at the Université de Sherbrooke showed me how much the ground beneath them has shifted.

A Changed Industry

As part of my ongoing research, I met the person in charge of placing student translators in organisations across Quebec and elsewhere in Canada, where they gain experience and build their self-concept and competences as future professionals. I was struck by how much globalisation and technology, mainly the Internet, have changed the Canadian translation industry.

In Canada the number one employer is the government's Translation Bureau, because all official documents must exist in both French and English. The Bureau did not only offer internships to students; it recruited them, and it gave universities financial support to maintain their translation programmes. Recently, according to the head of the placement service, that budget was cut. Why? The government went global too. It began outsourcing work to countries where translation is done more cheaply, and with quality, such as the francophone countries of North Africa.

This has forced internship services across Canadian universities to look to the private sector, where they hit another problem: placements are hard to find, especially paid ones. In Canada, students are paid for their internships, and for a small translation agency that is an overhead. Things are no longer as easy as they were with the federal Bureau.

What This Means for Programmes

Translation programmes need to be conscious of this shift and develop new content, teaching and training methodologies and pedagogies in response, gradually, but not too slowly. I am aware that as long as translation is taught in a university, it will always lag behind the industry. That is understood.

Matching our pedagogies and course content to new working patterns in the translation market will remain a concern for faculty, especially given the technological impact on the language industry (translation, interpreting, revision). It is crucial to invest in human resources and competencies through teacher development schemes, so that we can keep pace with current practice at our own rhythm as academics and professionals. But those practices must be not only market-bound but educationally sound. We are, before anything else, educational institutions that empower and build human capacity to serve a social purpose.